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6. How do you handle authentication and authorization in a web application?

Authentication verifies a user’s identity, usually through login credentials. Authorization determines what actions a user can perform. Common methods include session-based authentication, JWT (JSON Web Tokens), and OAuth.

7. What is CRUD, and how do you implement it in a web application?

CRUD stands for Create, Read, Update, and Delete. These operations manage data in a web application and are typically implemented through forms and API endpoints.

8. What is a virtual environment in Python, and why is it useful?

A virtual environment is a self-contained directory that contains a Python installation and its dependencies. It helps manage project-specific packages and avoids conflicts between different projects.

9. How do you handle error handling and logging in Python?

Error handling in Python is managed using try, except, and finally blocks. Logging is done using the logging module to record events, errors, and debugging information.

10. What is SQLAlchemy, and how does it interact with databases?

SQLAlchemy is an ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) library for Python. It allows interaction with databases using Python objects and maps database tables to Python classes.

11. Explain the difference between synchronous and asynchronous programming.

Synchronous programming executes tasks sequentially, blocking the next task until the current one completes. Asynchronous programming allows tasks to run concurrently, improving efficiency by not waiting for tasks to finish before starting new ones.

12. What are Django models and how do they work?

Django models are Python classes that define the structure of database tables. They represent and manage data within the application and include fields and methods for querying and manipulating data.

13. How do you perform database migrations in Django?

Database migrations in Django are performed using the makemigrations and migrate commands. makemigrations generates migration files based on model changes, and migrate applies those changes to the database.

14. What is Flask, and how does it differ from Django?

Flask is a lightweight and flexible micro-framework for Python that provides essential tools for web development but leaves many design decisions to the developer. Django is a more comprehensive framework that includes a wide range of built-in features and follows a convention-over-configuration approach.

15. How do you manage static files and media files in a Django application?

Static files (like CSS and JavaScript) are managed using the static directory and collectstatic command. Media files (user-uploaded files) are managed using the MEDIA_URL and MEDIA_ROOT settings.

16. What is a RESTful endpoint, and how do you create one in Flask?

A RESTful endpoint is a URL that provides access to a specific resource or action in a REST API. In Flask, you create a RESTful endpoint by defining a route with the @app.route decorator and specifying the HTTP methods (e.g., GET, POST) it should handle.

17. How do you test a Django application?

Django applications can be tested using Django’s built-in testing framework, which extends Python’s unittest module. You write test cases in a tests.py file and run tests using the manage.py test command.

18. What is an ORM, and what are its advantages?

An ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) is a technique that allows developers to interact with a database using high-level programming constructs rather than raw SQL queries. Advantages include improved productivity, code readability, and abstraction of database interactions.

19. How do you handle form validation in Django?

Form validation in Django is handled using Django’s built-in forms framework. You define validation rules in a Form class, and Django provides methods to validate input data and handle errors.

20. What is the role of middleware in Django?

Middleware in Django is a layer of processing that occurs between the request and response. It allows you to process requests before they reach the view and modify responses before they are sent to the client, handling tasks like authentication, logging, and session management.